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A torque converter in modern usage, is commonly a fluid coupling which is utilized to be able to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, for example an internal combustion engine or an electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. Similar to a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanical clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque if there is a significant difference between output and input rotational speed.
The most popular type of torque converter utilized in automobile transmissions is the fluid coupling model. In the 1920s there was even the Constantinesco or likewise known as pendulum-based torque converter. There are different mechanical designs used for continuously changeable transmissions which could multiply torque. Like for instance, the Variomatic is one version that has a belt drive and expanding pulleys.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive which cannot multiply torque. A torque converter has an additional element that is the stator. This changes the drive's characteristics through occasions of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
There are a minimum of three rotating components in a torque converter: the turbine, that drives the load, the impeller, that is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, that is between the impeller and the turbine so that it can alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under whichever situation and this is where the word stator starts from. In point of fact, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design stops the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been modifications which have been integrated sometimes. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is considered necessary, modifications to the modifications have proven to be worthy. Usually, these alterations have taken the form of various stators and turbines. Each set has been intended to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several examples comprise the Dynaflow that utilizes a five element converter in order to generate the wide range of torque multiplication needed to propel a heavy vehicle.
While it is not strictly a component of classic torque converter design, different automotive converters comprise a lock-up clutch so as to lessen heat and so as to improve cruising power transmission effectiveness. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses related with fluid drive.
